Essay about Definitions of Learning Styles - 1858 Words

Definitions of Learning Styles Although learning style may be simply defined as the way people come to understand and remember information, the literature is filled with more complex variations on this theme. James and Gardner (1995), for example, define learning style as the complex manner in which, and conditions under which, learners most efficiently and most effectively perceive, process, store, and recall what they are attempting to learn (p. 20). Merriam and Caffarella (1991) present Smiths definition of learning style, which is popular in adult education, as the individuals characteristic way of processing information, feeling, and behaving in learning situations (p. 176). Swanson (1995) quotes Reichmanns reference to†¦show more content†¦Asselin and Mooney (1996) use brain hemisphericity to differentiate between right brain (global) and left brain (analytic) learners. An overview of these diverse learning style dimensions and their relationship to learning style instruments is offered as a framewo rk for conceptual understanding. For the purpose of this discussion, the three dimensions of learning offered by James and Gardner (1995) are used to differentiate among learning styles: perceptual, cognitive, and affective. Perceptual The perceptual dimension of learning is influenced by physical and sensory elements that reflect the bodys response to external stimuli. It includes a range of perceptual elements: visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic. Learning styles research shows that most people prefer learning by experiencing and doing (kinesthetic elements), especially when reinforced through touching and movement (tactile elements). Asselin and Mooney (1996) note that people remember 90 percent of what they say and do as opposed to 30 percent of what they see and hear. Although kinesthetic learners retain best, they make up only 5 percent of the population whereas visual learners make up 65 percent and auditory learners, 30 percent (Mind Tools 1998). The Multi-Modal Paired Associates Learning Test (MMPALT) is one instrument used to assess perceptual learning preferences (James and GardnerShow MoreRelatedCritical Review of Learning Style Essay606 Words   |  3 Pages| Module AC0696 Portfolio 1: Learning for Practice Development | Assessment 2 | | Kelly Smith | | Each of us has our own learning style. Learning is an individual process unique to each and every one and as individuals we tend to prefer different learning methods. Some people learn by listening some by reading, some by looking at diagrams and others by reading and writing. The end result of the learning process may be completely different to that of their peers. The following essayRead MoreMy First Year Of Teaching879 Words   |  4 Pagesteaching. My first year of teaching was all about learning how I would function in the classroom and thanks to this course, my second year became about how my students functioned in the classroom. I learned how to recognize the different types of motivations and how to tap into that for each student. With that in mind, I can now create lessons that will appeal to my students by motivating them and giving them some ownership in their learning. The week five presentation was one that I was veryRead MoreLeadership Theories And Theories Of Lea dership1198 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership is complex and, comprises of many definitions and qualities (Grimm 2010). One definition of leadership is ‘a multifaceted process of identifying a goal, motivating other people to act, and providing support and motivation to achieve mutually negotiated goals’ (porter-O’Grady 2003). Back in 1939 Kurt Lewin researched to identify different styles of leadership. According to his research, there are three major styles of leadership. Authoritarian or autocratic, participative or democraticRead MoreHow Learning Styles Can Improve A Persons Way Of Learning1507 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, â€Å"learning is the activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something.† Referring to the textbook, Life-Span Human Development, 7th edition, by Carol Sigelman, on page 244, â€Å"memory is our ability to store and later retrieve information about past events, develops and changes over the life span.† In this essay, I will be discussing how learning styles are implemented in our memory to help us laterRead MoreLearning Theories : Knowles Versus Kolb Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pages Learning Theories: Knowles versus Kolb Sara L. Olson-Howard Ohio Christian University September 10, 2016 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that there are different theories based on how an individual learns. These theories are based on individuality rather than a group as a whole. I will compare and contrast the different learning theories as previously determined by educators Malcom S. Knowles which used Andragogy and Pedagogy compared to David Kolb whichRead MoreVark Assessment1111 Words   |  5 Pagesmaximum learning. The questionnaire consists of 16 questions which are aimed at isolating a learner’s preference to give them a better understanding of what is most effective for their retention of information being taught. According to the Vark questionnaire, there are four types of dominant learning styles; Visual, Aural, Read/Write and Kinesthetic. Additionally, Vark introduces a sub category of learning called multimodal. (Fleming, 2011) If the learner has a preference for Aural style of learningRead More Learning Styles and the Brain1645 Words   |  7 PagesHow Did You Know That?!Learning Styles and the Brain Although most commonly framed in academic contexts, learning style lies at the foundation of individual identity and development. Learning, the process of acquiring knowledge about the world (1) and learning style, ...the sum of the patterns of how individuals develop habitual ways of responding to experience (2) reflect an array of attitudes, emotional responses, preferences and habits. It is the basis of how we interact with, processRead MoreResults of the VARK Questionnaire812 Words   |  3 PagesI best learn by reading instructions and I feel most comfortable helping others by writing them. Reading and writing (R W) is my preferred mode of information acquisition because this is the way I best understand and interpret data. Rather than learning to someone explain something, or see a demonstration, or look at a graph or chart, I learn better by reading material and then writing. Also, the questionnaire shows that I prefer written feedback as opposed to hearing it directly from another personRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Education976 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents and learning is obtaining knowledge. The definition of teaching, to me, is to inspire students and be a positive role model. My personal definition of learning is obtaining knowledge. The student’s role in the classroom is to learn and obtain knowledge; this is by providing them with new ideas and questions to ponder. Teaching and learning relate because a student cannot learn without teaching and inspiration. A teacher cannot teach if students are not enthusiastically learning and participatingRead MoreVark Learning Styles899 Words   |  4 PagesVARK Analysis Every one has a mix of learning styles; some people may find that they have a dominant style of learning, with far less use of other styles in different circumstances. There is neither right or wrong style nor your style is fixed, you can develop your less dominant style and make improvement in your dominant ones. Your learning styles have more influence on your learning than you know it, they guide the way you learn. They also change the way you retain information and perceive experiences

Al Capone Essay - 2647 Words

Al Capone Prohibition led to the bootlegging of liquor and the gang wars of the 1920’s. The most notorious gangster of all time, known as Al Capone, was the most powerful mob leader of his era. He dominated organized crime in the Chicago area from 1925 until 1931. Capone grew up during the roaring 20s in Chicago. He joined the James Street gang, lead by Johnny Torrio. In 1920, Torrio asked Capone to move to Chicago and work with his uncle who controlled the city’s largest prostitution and gambling ring at the time. Capone had liked that idea. Later that year the Prohibition act came into affect and Capone became interested in selling illegal whiskey and other alcoholic beverages. Al Capone was Americas best known gangster and greatest†¦show more content†¦In a way Capone also made another contribution. Capone contributed to the repealing of the eighteenth amendment, and then later on the twenty-first amendment (Kobler). Throughout the Depression, Capone helped people str uggle through the tough times by supplying them with food, money, clothing and alcohol. Since Capone was such a huge criminal, the law enforcement contributed to American society to find a way to stop Capone. â€Å"One group that was formed because of him was the Untouchables† (Bergreen). The FBI was also formed because of crime such as the Mafia. More and more police stations were built because of crime, and now today people have more protection because of all the different kinds of crime prevention agencies. If Capone and other criminals like him weren’t around at that time, law enforcement might not be were it is today. Capone is still seen as a common thug outside of Chicago from his organization. Capone impacted the United States because he was seen as a common thug through out the world. â€Å"Capone’s power increased enormously, now that he was the leader of the most powerful gang in Chicago† (American Decades CD-ROM). People around the U.S. heard about Capone’s gang, and recognize him as just another common thug. People saw Capone as a low life man involved in organized crime. Capone has never done any time for the murders he has committed (American Decades CD-ROM). Capone felt powerful because he had always walked out a free manShow MoreRelatedProhibition and Al Capone858 Words   |  3 Pagesthe collapse of law and order in the 1920’s, perhaps the most recognized figure to emerge from the time is Al Capone. â€Å"The New York Times said of Al Capone that he was the symbol of a shameful era, the monstrous symptom of a disease which was eating into the conscience of America. Looking back on it now, this period of Prohibition in full, ugly flow er seems fantastically incredible. Capone himself was incredible, the creation of an ugly dream.† (www.umich.edu) He impacted society through his ruthlessRead More Al Capone Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pages Al Capone, probably the most notorious and well known gangster in history, was born in 1887 in Naples, Italy. His father, Gabriel Caponi, immigrated to Brooklyn from the slums of Naples in 1910. After he came here he changed his last name too Capone too blend in more. Al Capone’s gang activities started out when he was young. He was in the Five Points Gang, who were known for their violence. The gang’s tradition was to scar their victims with a knife cut from the outside corners of their eyes toRead MoreEssay On Al Capone1271 Words   |  6 PagesAl Capone was a highly known gangster in the 1920s Alphonse Capone born in Brooklyn, New York to a poor US immigrant couple, Gabriele and Teresina Capone, seeking a better opportunity for their then big family of ei ght children. He was known for running many lucrative illegal businesses that included alcohol bootlegging, gambling, prostitution, and protection. Al Capone was so notorious that he would murder those who got in his way. With little prosecution of his actions, Al Capone believed his selfRead MoreEssay on Al Capone1286 Words   |  6 Pages Alphonse quot;Scar Facequot; Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1899, to an immigrant family. He was born with type O blood. People supposedly born with O type blood tend to have the drive to succeed in leadership quality. They are strong, certain, and powerful, as will be seen later. However Al Capones leadership was taken to the extreme. (4 Blood Types, 4 Diets Eat Right 4 Your Type) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Certainly many Italian immigrants like immigrants of all nationalities, frequentlyRead MoreEssay on Al Capone697 Words   |  3 PagesAl Capone is one of Americas most feared, greatest-known gangsters and the utmost symbol of the fail of law and order in the United States during the 1920’s Prohibition era. Alphonse Capone was born on January 17, 1899, in Naples, Italy. He and his family later immigrated to the United States. They settled in Brooklyn, New York (â€Å"Capone, Alphonse†). Al Capone was a ruthless, violent, horrifying gangster. He was very organized and set on his high income. In 1920’s and 1930’s, Capone was the mostRead More Al Capone Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages Al Capone still remains one of the most notable residents of quot;the Rock.quot; In a memoir written by Warden James Johnston, he reminisced about the intensity of public interest around Capones imprisonment, stating that he was continually barraged wit h questions about quot;Big Al.quot; Each day newspapers and press flooded his office with phone calls, wanting to know everything from how Capone liked the weather on quot;the Rock,quot; to what job assignment he was currently holding. BeforeRead MoreEssay on Al Capone1697 Words   |  7 PagesAl Capone In 1920, the United States entered a new stage in its life, the Era of Prohibition. However, flaws in the planning, execution, and administration caused this noble idea to vacillate unquestionably. However, men who were willing to break the law were the ones that were able to build a lucrative life for themselves; one such man was Alphonse Capone. However, honest men such as Elliot Ness fought adamantly to defend their morals, beliefs, and the law of the land. Nevertheless, Capone wasRead MoreAl Capone Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesSCARFACE Capone Born in New York City, in 1899, by parents Gabriel and Teresa Capone, Alphonse Capone was blessed with a historical blend of ruthless gangster in his blood. Al Capones parents immigrated to the United States in 1893, from Naples, Italy. Al Capone came from a huge family. He was the fourth oldest of nine children. At birth, Capones parents never would have believed that their son, Alphonse Capone, would grow up to be a murderous thug without remorse. As a child, Al Capone wasRead More Al Capone Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesAl Capone Throughout Americas history there have been many famous criminals, John Dillinger, John Gotti, Lucky Luciano, just to name a few. However, due to his extreme wealth and Godfather like status, the most notorious and famous one might have been Al Capone. Alphonse Capone was born in Brooklyn, New York on January 17, 1899 to immigrants from Naples, Italy. At a very young age, he became involved in organized crime by quitting school after sixth grade and joining a local neighborhoodRead More Al Capone Essay2672 Words   |  11 Pages Al Capone is one of the most recognized names in American history. Capone ran the City of Chicago with illegal activities. He appeared many times on newspapers all over the country. Every one of us has heard of Al Capone, but most of us don’t k now the story behind him. What made him to be the most feared gangster in the city of Chicago? How did this kid from a rough neighborhood and no money grow up to have $60,000,000? I’ve always been fascinated with organized crime but had never been taught

The Inertial Navigation System Engineering Essay Free Essays

This study serves as a brief overview of Inertial pilotage Systems ( INS ) in regard of aircraft industry. Modern INS outdated all other pilotage systems so far. These consist of a set of gyros and accelerometers which measure the aircraft ‘s angular and additive gesture and work with a computer science system which computes aircraft ‘s header and attitude from the gyro and accelerometer end products, given that, initial place and speed of the aircraft are provided from another beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on The Inertial Navigation System Engineering Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Different types of gyroscopes and accelerometers, followed by their mechanism, mistakes and the ways to get the better of those mistakes are explained in this study. Introduction Inertial pilotage is the procedure of set uping the place, speed, heading and attitude of a vehicle utilizing information derived from internal detectors. The operation of inertial detectors depends upon the Torahs of classical mechanics as formulated by Sir Isaac Newton which states that the gesture of a organic structure will go on uniformly in a consecutive line until disturbed by an external force moving on the organic structure. The jurisprudence besides tells us that this force will bring forth a relative acceleration of the organic structure. Inertial measurement units ( IMU ) normally contains three extraneous rate- gyroscopes and accelerometers mensurating angular speed and additive acceleration severally comparative to a known starting point, speed and orientation utilizing Newton ‘s jurisprudence. Hence, Inertial pilotage is the procedure whereby the measurings provided by gyroscopes and accelerometers are used to find the place of the vehicle in which they are installed. By uniting the two sets of measurings, it is possible to specify the translational gesture of the vehicle within the inertial mention frame and so to cipher its place within it. INS was foremost used on projectiles in the 1940 ‘s. In 1996, inertial pilotage systems were widely used in military vehicles. Many ships, pigboats, guided missiles, infinite vehicles and all modern military are equipped with INS due to its unsusceptibility. Inertial pilotage system agreement INS uses two types of constellation. The lone difference between them is the frame in which the detectors operate. Both of them are described below. Stabilised platform Inertial pilotage engineering originally used stable platform techniques. In this constellation, inertial detectors are mounted on a platform. The platform is isolated from the rotational gesture of the vehicle utilizing a figure of gimbals arranged to supply at least three grades of rotational freedom. The motion of these gimbals is controlled by torsion motors. Those motors are activated by information provided by gyroscopes as it detects any platform rotary motion. Therefore, the platform is kept aligned with the planetary frame. Figure 1: Writers illustration of block diagram of stabilized platform Strapdown systems In this system, the inertial detectors are strapped straight on the aircraft organic structure and are non isolated from its angular gesture. Therefore, gimballed platform is non required for this system. But, it uses a computing machine to set up and decide the inertial informations which reduces the mechanical complexness of the system. Gyroscope Definition A gyroscope is a device which acts as a revolving organic structure and therefore step or maintains orientation, based on the rules of preservation of angular impulse. It is used in assorted applications to feel either the angle turned through by an aircraft or more normally, its angular rate of bend about some defined axis. A modern gyroscope can carry through each of the undertakings stated below: Stabilization Autopilot feedback Flight way detector or platform stabilisation Navigation Figure 2: Writers illustration of gimballed gyroscope. Cardinal Principles: There are several phenomena on which the operation of gyroscope depends but it normally exhibits three cardinal belongingss, viz. gyroscopic inactiveness, angular impulse and precession. Gyroscopic Inertia: Gyroscopic inactiveness is cardinal to the operation of all whirling mass gyroscopes, as it defines a way in infinite that remains fixed in the inertial mention frame, that is, fixed in relation to a system of co-ordinates which do non speed up with regard to the ‘fixed stars ‘ . [ 1 ] The constitution of a fixed way enables rotary motion to be detected, by doing mention to this fixed way. The rotary motion of an inertial component generates an angular impulse vector which remains fixed in infinite, given flawlessness in the building of gyroscope. Angular impulse: Angular impulse is defined by the distribution of mass on a rotor every bit good as by its angular speed. The angular impulse ( H ) of a revolving organic structure is the merchandise of its minute of inactiveness ( I ) and its angular speed ( I†° ) , that is, H = II†° Where I is the amount of the merchandises of the mass elements that make up the rotor and the square of their distances from the given axis. Precession: Precession is the rotary motion of the gimbals, comparative to inertial infinite. This rotary motion is produced jointly by the angular impulse of the revolving organic structure and the applied force. In the instance of a freely whirling organic structure, such as the Earth ( or the rotary motion of an electrostatic gyroscope ) , there is non a stuff frame with spin bearings. In this instance, the precession must be considered to be that of the axis system which an fanciful gimbal would hold – one axis through the North and south poles, and two reciprocally extraneous in the plane of the Equator. Mechanical Gyroscope: A mechanical gyroscope calculates orientation based on the rule of preservation of the angular impulse. The phonograph record is mounted on a frame to minimise the external minutes ( i.e. due to clash ) . This allows the mark to turn around the phonograph record without doing any alteration in the way of its axis. The orientation of the mark so can be computed from the angles shown by rotational encoders mounted on the frame. Each gyroscope gives us one mention axis in infinite. At least two gyroscopes are needed to happen the orientation of an object in infinite. Figure 3: Writers illustration of mechanical gyroscope. Advantage A ; disadvantages of mechanical gyroscopes: Main advantage of this trailing system is that it does non necessitate any external mention to work. [ 2 ] Because the axis of the revolving wheel Acts of the Apostless as the mention. The drawback of this system is its constellation. Because of the traveling parts doing clash, the inertial impulse of the wheel does non stay parallel to the axis of rotary motion. This causes a impetus in the way of the wheel axis with clip. Taking comparative measurings of the orientation instead than absolute measurings can minimise this impetus. As a effect, the system suffers from accrued numerical mistakes but a periodic re-calibration of the system will see, more truth over clip. Lubricants are used to minimise the clash which increase the cost of the device. Solid province gyroscopes The term ‘Solid province ‘ bases for an electronic device in which the flow of electrical current is through solid stuff and non through a vacuity. So solid province gyroscopes use flow of electric current through solid stuff to mensurate orientation of the affiliated object. Sagnac Effect Discovered in 1913, the Sagnac consequence [ 3 ] found its first practical application several decennaries ago in the ring optical maser gyroscope ( RLG ) , now used extensively in commercial inertial pilotage systems for aircraft. But, since this execution requires high vacuity and preciseness mirror engineering, cost has been a factor restricting its application. ‘Sagnac consequence ‘ plays a critical function in solid province gyroscopes which is named after the Gallic physicist G.Sagnac. This states that the ensuing difference in the theodolite times for optical maser visible radiation moving ridges going around a closed way in opposite way is relative to the input rotary motion rate. Presents, tonss of solid province gyroscopes are being used in the industry. Largely used gyroscopes are described below: Fibre ocular gyroscopes ( FOG ) Fibre ocular gyroscopes sense angular gesture utilizing intervention of visible radiation. Such devices frequently use the seeable wavelengths, but it can besides run in the close infrared. It is dependent on the formation of a Sagnac interferometer [ 4 ] In its simplest signifier, visible radiation from a wide set beginning is split into two beams that propagate in opposite waies around an optical fiber spiral. These two beams are so combined at a 2nd beam splitter to organize an intervention form where the attendant strength is observed utilizing a photo-detector. The stage Figure 4: Writers illustration of FOG. displacement introduced due to the Sagnac consequence. They are combined when the beams exit the fiber. The ensuing stage difference consequences in a alteration in amplitude of the intervention form formed when the two beams are recombined. 3.4.2.1. Mistakes and mistakes decrease A prejudice or impetus occurs due to alterations in ambient temperature which cause a battalion of effects within the detector. To minimise this mistake, the enlargement coefficient of the fiber and the spiral former should be good matched otherwise differential emphasis will be induced by thermic enlargement which will ensue in measuring mistake. The presence of any isolated magnetic Fieldss can hold several inauspicious effects on the gyroscopes like interaction with non-optical constituents doing Faraday consequence which changes the province of polarisation of the visible radiation in optical fiber. Use of magnetic shielding can understate this job. Ringing optical maser gyroscopes A ring optical maser gyroscope wherein a first and a 2nd optical maser beam propagate with propagating waies different with each other comprises electrode countries on an optical wave guide configuring the ring optical maser and controls an current injected or a electromotive force applied to the electrode countries, wherein the hovering frequences of the first and 2nd optical maser beams are different from each other, thereby doing an addition and a lessening in the all in frequence enabling to observe the way and the velocity of a rotary motion at the same clip. With respects to a method for observing a rotary motion, the anode of the optical maser gyro is connected to an operational amplifier. Since the signal outputted from the operational amplifier has a frequence matching to the angular velocity, it is converted into the electromotive force by a frequency-voltage transition circuit so as to observe a rotary motion [ 5 ] . Mistakes and mistake decrease: The ‘Lock-in ‘ job should be overcome by the RLG which arises due to imperfectness in the lasing pit, chiefly in mirrors. It causes scale factor mistake which tends to draw the frequences of the two beams together at low rotary motion rates. If the input rate in the RLG beads below a threshold is known as ‘Lock-in rate ‘ . The two beams lock together at the same frequence ensuing zero end product and a dead zone. This lock-in dead zone is of the order of 0.01 to 0.1 /s compared with 0.01 /hr truth required for an INS. A really effectual method of get the better ofing this job is to automatically dither the optical maser block about the input axis at a typically frequence about 100 Hz with a peak speed of about 100 /s ( matching to amplitude of 1.5 arc 2nd about ) Micro machined silicon gyroscopes ( MEMS ) MEMS gyroscopes are introduced in the modern pilotage system due to their low production cost and really simple constellation. It is build on Coriolis consequence [ 6 ] saying that a object of mass m revolving at angular speed I†° traveling with speed V experiences a force, F= 2m ( I†° x V ) It contains vibrating elements to mensurate this consequence. A secondary quiver is induced along the perpendicular axis, when the gyroscope is rotated. The angular speed is calculated by mensurating this rotary motion. Mistakes and mistake decrease The major disadvantage of MEMS gyroscopes is that they are really less accurate than optical devices. As engineering improving, this gyroscope are going more and more accurate and dependable. Accelerometer Definition As described before, INS relies upon the measuring of acceleration which can be determined by accelerometer. An accelerometer works on Newton ‘s 2nd jurisprudence of gesture. A force F moving on a organic structure of mass m causes the organic structure to speed up with regard to inertial infinite. This acceleration ( a ) is given by, F = mom = medium frequency + milligram Where degree Fahrenheit is the acceleration produced by forces other than gravitative field. Mechanical accelerometer: Mechanical accelerometers are chiefly mass – spring type devices. INS is utilizing these detectors for long clip. Different building techniques have been implied to utilize in different environments. Figure 5: Writers illustration of accelerometer. Operation rule Mechanical accelerometers can be operated in two different types of constellation: either open or closed cringle constellation. Open cringle constellation A proof mass is suspended in a instance and confined to a zero place by agencies of a spring. Additionally, muffling is applied to give this mass and spring system a realistic response matching to a proper dynamic transportation map. When the accelerations are applied to the instance of the detector, the cogent evidence mass is deflected with regard to its nothing or ‘null ‘ place and the attendant spring force provides the necessary acceleration of the cogent evidence mass to travel it with the instance. For a individual – axis detector, the supplanting of the proof mass with regard to its ‘null ‘ place within the instance is relative to the specific force applied along its input. A more accurate version of this type of detector is obtained by nulling the supplanting of the pendulum. , since ‘null ‘ place can be measured more accurately than supplantings. Closed cringle accelerometer The spring is replaced by an electromagnetic device that produces a force on the cogent evidence mass to keep it at its ‘null ‘ place. Normally, a brace of spirals is mounted on the cogent evidence mass within a strong magnetic field. When a warp is sensed, an electric current is passed through the spirals in order to bring forth a force to return the cogent evidence mass to its ‘null ‘ place. Magnitude of the current in the spirals is relative to the specific force sensed along the input axis. Mistakes All accelerometers are subjected to mistakes which limit the truth of the force being measured. The major beginnings of mistake in mechanical mistakes are listed below: Fixed prejudice: this is a prejudice or supplanting from nothing on the measuring of specific force which is present when the applied acceleration is zero. Scale-factor mistakes: This is the mistake in the ratio of a alteration in the end product signal to a alteration in the input acceleration. Cross-coupling mistakes: These mistakes arise as a consequence of fabrication imperfectness. Erroneous accelerometer end products ensuing from accelerometer sensitiveness to accelerations applied normal to the input axis. Solid-state accelerometers Due to those mistakes of mechanical accelerometers, research workers are giving their best attempt to look into assorted phenomena to bring forth a solid-state accelerometer. They came up with assorted types of devices so far, among those surface acoustic moving ridge, Si and quartz devices ( Vibratory devices ) were most successful. Good things about these detectors are that they are little, rugged, dependable and convenient with strapdown applications. These three types of solid-state accelerometers are described below. Surface acoustic moving ridge ( SAW ) accelerometer This is an open-loop instrument which consist of a piezoelectric vitreous silica cantilever beam [ 7 ] which is fixed at one terminal of the instance but chattel at the other terminal, where the cogent evidence mass is stiffly attached. The beam bends reacting to the acceleration applied along the input axis. Due to this, frequence of the SAW is changed. Acceleration can be determined by mensurating the alteration in frequence. Figure 6: Writers illustration of SAW accelerometer. Mistakes and mistake decrease: The effects of temperature and other effects of a temporal nature can be minimised by bring forthing the mention frequence from a 2nd oscillator on the same beam. Lock- in type effects are chiefly prevented by guaranting that this mention signal is at a somewhat different frequence from that used as the ‘sensitive ‘ frequence. [ 8 ] Silicon accelerometer Single-crystal Si forms the frame, flexible joints and proof mass. Anodic adhering articulations this piece to metalized wafers which enclose the accelerometer and besides serve as electrodes for feeling proof mass gesture and for rebalancing. Electrostatic focus of the cogent evidence mass obviates the demand for magnetic stuffs and spirals. When the accelerometer is rebalanced utilizing electromotive force forcing, a possible is applied to the pendulum and to one or both electrodes. The electromotive force set up electric Fieldss that induce charge on the nonconducting pendulum. This causes a net force to move on the cogent evidence mass. Therefore, the force generated is a map of the square of the applied electromotive force and of the spread between the pendulum and the electrode. Vibratory devices These are open-loop devices which use quartz crystal engineering. They are consist of a brace of quartz crystal beams, each back uping a proof mass pendulum and are mounted symmetrically back-to-back. When an acceleration is applied, one beam is compressed while the other stretched. Figure 7: Writers illustration of Vibratory accelerometer. The tight beam experienced a lessening in frequence while the stretched one experience the antonym. The difference between these two frequence is straight relative to the acceleration applied. Mistakes and mistake decrease: Most of the mistakes of this detector can be minimized by planing carefully. Alternatively of utilizing one beam, several symmetrically arranged beams can cut down mistakes. Decision Harmonizing to the informations collected within this study, it is clear to see the INS system has helped a batch towards the modernisation of pilotage system. Further betterment in MEMS engineering can open several doors in air power systems. Its high truth and ego contained rate made it immune to any obstruction. Inertial pilotage system has improved a batch in past 5 decennaries. It has helped the air power Industry to better pilotage system and therefore ease the responsibility of pilots. How to cite The Inertial Navigation System Engineering Essay, Essay examples

Investment Analysis Budgeting

Question: Task 1 Write a 400-word introduction on the need for budgeting, the process for preparing budgets and their limitations. Task 2 Prepare the following documents for the first six (6) months of the hotels operation: A cash budget A budgeted income statement A budgeted statement of financial position Task 3 Calculate the payback period using both the payback method (8 marks) and the discounted payback method (12 marks), as well as the NPV of the project (15 marks), assuming the following: A cost of capital of 7%, using four decimal points on the discount factor; Net cash flow will grow 3% on a year basis compared to previous year; and John hopes to sell the hotel at the end (October 1) of the tenth year for 3,200,000. Answer: Introduction This Report is intended to analyze the investment proposal to invest in the hotel industry. (Donovan, 2006)To analyze, initially budgeting techniques such as preparation of cash budget, budgeted income statement and budgeted balance sheet. A budget is an arrangement for your future pay and uses that you can use as a rule for spending and sparing. Albeit numerous Americans as of now utilize a budget to arrange their spending, the greater part of Americans likewise routinely spends more than they can bear. The way to spending inside of your methods is to know your costs and to spend short of what you make. A decent month to month budget can guarantee you pay your bills on time, have assets to cover startling crises, and achieve your money related objectives. The greater part of the data you need is as of now readily available. To make or revamp your budget, take the basic steps sketched out underneath to get an unmistakable photo of your month to month funds. (Hammonds, 2006)You can likewise utilize our free internet budgeting number crunchers underneath to budget for certain particular buys or occasions. (Hammonds, 2006) The cash budget contains a separation of the anticipated sources and employments of cash in a future period. This budget is utilized to determine whether organization operations and different exercises will give an adequate measure of cash to meet anticipated cash prerequisites. If not, administration should discover extra subsidizing sources. The inputs to the cash budget originate from a few different budgets. The aftereffects of the cash budget are utilized as a part of the financing budget, which orders ventures, obligation, and both premium wage and premium cost. The cash budget is contained two fundamental regions, which are Sources of Cash and Uses of Cash. The Sources of Cash area contains the starting cash parity, and also cash receipts from cash deals, records of sales accumulations, and the offer of advantages. (Sinclair, 1934)The Uses of Cash area contains all arranged cash uses, which originates from the immediate materials budget, direct work budget, fabricating overhead budget, and offering and managerial cost budget. It might likewise contain details for altered resource buys and profits to shareholders. The budgeted income statement is an important part of a business's financial planning process. The budgeted income statement, along with a budgeted balance sheet, can help a business determine if its plans are financially feasible. A business can develop and compare different budget projections to help in making decisions about which projects the business should pursue and how it can pay for them. A budgeted balance sheet is a report that administration uses to anticipate the levels of advantages, liabilities, and value taking into account the budget for the present bookkeeping period. As such, the budgeted balance sheet demonstrates where the greater part of the records would be toward the end of a period if the genuine organization execution coordinated the budgeted gauges. Setting up this report is generally the last stride in finishing an expert budget arrangement. (Reilly Brown, 1997) Toward the end of every period, administration for the most part begins arranging an expert budget for the following period. The expert budget is comprised of a huge amount of littler budgets for deals, cash, offering costs, and general costs. These budgets are consolidated to make one major, thorough money related arrangement. Budgeted Balance Sheet A budgeted balance sheet is a report that administration uses to anticipate the levels of advantages, liabilities, and value taking into account the budget for the present bookkeeping period. As such, the budgeted balance sheet demonstrates where the greater part of the records would be toward the end of a period if the genuine organization execution coordinated the budgeted gauges. Setting up this report is generally the last stride in finishing an expert budget arrangement. Toward the end of every period, administration for the most part begins arranging an expert budget for the following period. The expert budget is comprised of a huge amount of littler budgets for deals, cash, offering costs, and general costs. These budgets are consolidated to make one major, thorough money related arrangement. Balance Sheet Assets Fixed assets April May June July August September Lease Hold Property 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 Furniture and fittings 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000 Kitchen Equipment 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Laundry equipment 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 Gym equipment 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 China, glass and cutlery 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Bed linen and towels 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 Accumulated Depreciation (4,875) (9,750) (14,625) (19,500) (24,375) (29,250) 1,860,125 1,855,250 1,850,375 1,845,500 1,840,625 1,835,750 Current Assets Cash 127,430 150,515 182,645 236,240 303,065 368,270 Inventory 15,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Account receivable 28,350 49,950 82,350 113,400 121,500 102,600 170,780 210,465 274,995 359,640 434,565 480,870 Current Liabilities payable (COGS) 6,480 10,260 17,280 23,220 24,300 19,980 Payable OH 2,025 2,700 4,725 6,075 6,075 - 8,505 12,960 22,005 29,295 30,375 19,980 Equity Capital 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Retained Earning 17,400 42,225 89,325 151,275 213,225 260,325 2,017,400 2,042,225 2,089,325 2,151,275 2,213,225 2,260,325 Budgeted Income Statement The budgeted income statement is an important part of a business's financial planning process. The budgeted income statement, along with a budgeted balance sheet, can help a business determine if its plans are financially feasible. A business can develop and compare different budget projections to help in making decisions about which projects the business should pursue and how it can pay for them. April May June July August September Sales 40,500 54,000 94,500 121,500 121,500 94,500 Cost of sales 8,100 10,800 18,900 24,300 24,300 18,900 Labor Cost 8,100 10,800 18,900 24,300 24,300 18,900 Overhead Costs 2,025 2,700 4,725 6,075 6,075 4,725 Depreciation Per Month 4,875 4,875 4,875 4,875 4,875 4,875 Income 17,400 24,825 47,100 61,950 61,950 47,100 Cash budgeted The cash budget contains a separation of the anticipated sources and employments of cash in a future period. This budget is utilized to determine whether organization operations and different exercises will give an adequate measure of cash to meet anticipated cash prerequisites. If not, administration should discover extra subsidizing sources. The inputs to the cash budget originate from a few different budgets. The aftereffects of the cash budget are utilized as a part of the financing budget, which orders ventures, obligation, and both premium wage and premium cost. The cash budget is contained two fundamental regions, which are Sources of Cash and Uses of Cash. The Sources of Cash area contains the starting cash parity, and also cash receipts from cash deals, records of sales accumulations, and the offer of advantages. The Uses of Cash area contains all arranged cash uses, which originates from the immediate materials budget, direct work budget, fabricating overhead budget, and offering and managerial cost budget. It might likewise contain details for altered resource buys and profits to shareholders. Cash Budget April May June July August September Opening 125,000 127,430 150,515 182,645 236,240 303,065 Sales 12,150 44,550 66,150 102,600 121,500 113,400 COGS 1,620 8,640 12,420 19,980 24,300 23,220 Labor cost 8,100 10,800 18,900 24,300 24,300 18,900 Overhead expenses 2,025 2,700 4,725 6,075 6,075 Closing 127,430 150,515 182,645 236,240 303,065 368,270 Net Present Value Net Present Value - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Investment (2,000,000) Cash Inflows 1,401,624 1,443,673 1,486,983 1,531,592 1,577,540 1,624,866 1,673,612 1,723,821 1,775,535 1,828,801 Cash Outflows (595,690) (613,561) (631,968) (650,927) (670,455) (690,568) (711,285) (732,624) (754,603) (777,241) Disposal 3,200,000 Net cashflow (2,000,000) 805,934 830,112 855,015 880,666 907,086 934,298 962,327 991,197 1,020,933 4,251,561 Net Present Value 5,616,951 Since the Net Present Value is positive, an investment is recommended. Payback Payback Cash Flow Cumulative Year 0 (2,000,000) (2,000,000) Year 1 805,934 (1,194,066) Year 2 830,112 (363,954) Year 3 855,015 Year 4 880,666 Year 5 907,086 Year 6 934,298 Year 7 962,327 Year 8 991,197 Year 9 1,020,933 Year 10 4,251,561 Payback Period 1.00 0.43 Payback Period 1.43 As per the above analysis, the payback period would be 1.4 years thus an investment is recommended. Discounted Payback period Discounted payback Cash Flow Discount rate Discounted Cash flow Year 0 (2,000,000) 1.000 (2,000,000) Year 1 805,934 0.935 (1,194,066) Year 2 830,112 0.873 Year 3 855,015 0.816 Year 4 880,666 0.763 Year 5 907,086 0.713 Year 6 934,298 0.666 Year 7 962,327 0.623 Year 8 991,197 0.582 Year 9 1,020,933 0.763 Year 10 4,251,561 0.763 Payback Period 1.00 1.40 Discounted Payback Period 2.40 As per the above analysis, the discounted payback period would be 2.4 years thus an investment is recommended. References Donovan, S. (2006).Budgeting. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co. Elton, E., Gruber, M. (1995).Modern portfolio theory and investment analysis. New York: Wiley. Hammonds, H. (2006).Budgeting. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple. Prime, J. (1967).Investment analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Reilly, F., Brown, K. (1997).Investment analysis and portfolio management. Fort Worth, Tex.: Dryden Press. Sinclair, P. (1934).Budgeting. New York: Ronald Press Co. Weaver, D. (1971).Investment analysis. London: Longman [for] the Society of Investment Analysts. Williams, E., Findlay, M. (1974).Investment analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Wiseman, B. (2010).Budgeting. New York, NY: Weigl Publishers.

Success Essays (462 words) - Belief, Epistemology, Truth, Motivation

Success Success: The achievement of something desired or attempted. Aim for success is an independent, non-profit, educational organization that promotes a life style of excellence by encouraging the development of self-control, self-respect, and self-discipline. Through live presentations students are encouraged to develop strong, responsible characters. We learned to speak one word after another. A sequence of thoughts can direct our brains to a series of actions that lead to ACCOMPLISHMEN. So how can we direct our brains and schedule ourselves for achievement? The series of thoughts that led to motivations, self-esteem, and accomplishment must be embed in the UNCONSCIOUS. I only have to mention three now: beliefs, decisions, and strategies. Beliefs are POWERFUL but they can remain just potential. You can have powerful beliefs all your life and never bring them to fruition. Decisions are NECESSARY. They are how we take a belief and decide to achieve prosperity. Strategies are necessary to bring beliefs and decisions to DYNAMIC achievement. SET for Success provides a self-evolutionary template that gives you step-by-step instructions for EMPOWERING beliefs, decisions, and strategies. You believe that you deserve to be more successful and you are absolutely right. That belief needs a decision, a spark. The brain evolved as our ancestors scratched, fought, and thought their way to survival and prosperity. It describes how we use five senses plus language to project images, provides floods of feelings, and creates logic in our internal dialogue. It teaches you how to use the mental tools that we all have we all have, our inheritance from our ancestors. It is easy to stagnate in life. Do the same routine things while life just whizzes by. Think back when you were a kid and you had all those dreams of your future. You may have planned on being and doing great things. Achieving success from living a totally empowered and fulfilling lifestyle. Can you feel the excitement you felt back then? The world was at your feet and you could do and be anything you chose. All the opportunity, the uncertainly and yet the unquestioning knowing that you would get exactly what you pictured and desired. So where are you now? Have you bogged down in the everyday chores of living? Are you struggling to make ends meet and thinking of embarking on that next plan to get where you think you ought to be in life or just get away from where you are. From my point of view success is achievement of one's purpose. I also found another definition of the word success that is very generous. It says that success is achievement of fame and wealth. But to be famous and rich does not mean that the person is successful in life. Psychology

What Were Andrew Jacksons Policies On Banking And Tariffs How Did

What Were Andrew Jacksons Policies On Banking And Tariffs How Did What Were Andrew Jackson's Policies On Banking And Tariffs How Did They Evolve Do You Think Those – Coursework Example Andrew Jackson’s Policies on Banking and Tariffs Banking and tariffs were two critical issues that almost every president had to deal with, during the early years of the post-colonial America. From the time of his election as the president in 1829, Jackson strongly opposed the idea of central national bank. He cited bank’s monopoly in concentrating the nation’s financial strength in under a single institution, and likelihood for loss of government’s sovereignty to foreigners. He also accused s of serving the interests of the rich, at the expense of the poor, as well as regional biasness. However, Jackson supported the tariff system that he claimed was in good spirit to support the growth of America’s young industries (Adams 137). This, he believed, would draw from high tax levies put on foreign imports.Even long before his election into office, Jackson was famous for relentlessly fighting for the economically marginalized citizens in America. Beside s citing political threat from the bank, he also saw his moves as those that could better the lives of the poor by liberating them from oppressive monopolistic financial institutions that promoted capitalism to the advantage of the rich. At some point, however, it was purely of political gain other than pro-poor benefit. It is arguable whether Jackson’s policies hurt America economy or not. First, the banking policy he advocated for during his tenure kept instilling fear of economic sabotage and depression among the public. Frequent threats of financial service withdrawal issued to the public by the national bank, as counter effect on Jackson’s proposals sabotaged economic security in most low-income neighborhoods that were dependent on bank loans for development. Second, his strong support for imposition of tariffs on foreign imports assisted the American economy. For the country’s sustainable economic growth and development, it was imperative to control influx of foreign products into the country’s market to promote homemade consumption and enhance industrial development.Work CitedAdams, Sean. A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson. New York: Blackwell Pub, 2013. Print.

Short Report on Current Information Technology (management information Essay

Short Report on Current Information Technology (management information system) - Essay Example Discussion of Key Points in the Two Articles, Comparison and Contrast The two articles both make good exposition of the business and technical promises and challenges of cloud computing both for the providers of cloud computing services and infrastructures, such as the Amazon cloud computing offerings, and those of Microsoft. The first article makes a point about the business promise of Amazon cloud services in the long term, pointing out that although the services rack relatively lower sales compared to the more mainstream businesses of Amazon, cloud computing services benefit from having higher profit margins as compared to Amazon’s other offerings. This translates to higher profitability for Amazon and an area that the company can exploit, given that there are few companies with the scale and the customer base, and the necessary long-term vision to execute on a cloud computing strategy and infrastructure, as Amazon does (Oursler, 2013). The second article on the other hand complements the discussion on the more business aspects of cloud computing that the first article focused on, to undertake a more technical discussion on what the components of a cloud computing architecture are, and what the key issues and challenges are relating to the way customers make use and leverage cloud computing for their own particular purposes (Sleit et al., 2013, pp. 35-44). ... While the first article is more oriented towards finance and business types, the second article focuses on the more technical and CIO-type issues relating to cloud computing (Oursler, 2013; Sleit et al., 2013). Going into the details, the first article notes that in reality, of the $61 billion dollars in business that Amazon generates as a whole from all of its businesses, cloud computing revenues is a small part, about five percent of the total revenues of the firm. This means that in all there is a small importance placed right now on the weighting given to the cloud business of the company relative to its other businesses when it comes to putting valuations on the Amazon stock price. These are financial considerations to be sure, but underneath these figures is a vote for Amazon’s technological prowess in the cloud. The article notes too that in a sector that is poised for dramatic growth in the coming years, from a base of $131 billion dollars this year. Amazon has a leadi ng position in this growing sector, with a number of notable accounts that have come to include the CIA. The CIA account for Amazon, in particular, is a vote for the technological capacity of the Amazon cloud services to take on the most complex and the most security-intensive activities. Moreover, given the leading position of Amazon, the article notes that it is in a position to capitalize on its growing technological capabilities to continue to lead the industry in the middle of sustained competition from the likes of Oracle and Hewlett-Packard. To be sure, at present, Amazon’s market share in cloud computing services is said to dwarf the combined shares of the next 14 competitors in the space by a factor of 5. Beyond the numbers, this overwhelming early lead and the quality

Business in Context. UK Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business in Context. UK Economy - Essay Example This essay stresses that political factor have a huge influence upon the economy as the policies and legislatures are drafted and implemented by the political parties are mostly related to the business trade practices. It not only has a political influence upon businesses but also the businesses create an attempt to influence environmental policy by endeavouring to position the political programme and to influence regulations and legislations. This paper makes a conclusion that the population tends to rise and the consumption habits too. The culture and the society generate demand for certain merchandises and services which are offered by the business houses as per the consumers demand. UK has shown a rise in the GDP. This is due to the socio-cultural affect. Consumers are the central point of the business. The technological advancement has made the consumers expectation more. This creates the gap between the expectation of the consumers and the predicted expectation of the business towards the consumers. The new changes in immigration law and intellectual property law stated by the UK government have gained international attention and many international corporations are looking forward to this policy. The policies have been able to attract many foreign players like Google, Intel and many other corporate. Technical advancement for any country aids in development of the business houses.

Sweatshop Oppression - Ravisankar 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sweatshop Oppression - Ravisankar 2 - Essay Example The students can use the university to give an ultimatum to these companies to change the poor working conditions or the universities will stop buying from them. Losing the huge client base that universities offer these companies is a huge risk that the companies may not be willing to take. They may thus consider revising the work condition and allow workers their rights and freedom to form unions.USAS and other human rights group, labor rights activists and student protests can have an impact on the poor working conditions in foreign companies by approaching supply chain distributors such as Nike, Adidas, Champion and Gap that buy clothes from oppressive companies. The students can appeal to the distribution companies to speak against exploitation of labor and advocate for a change in working conditions. Companies such as Nike and Adidas supply clothes meant for young students in universities. Working with the students to end oppression at work place is a good way to build their bra nd image. Therefore, students can convince these companies to approach their suppliers and advocate for a safer working environment for their workers (Ravisanker Rajeev 87). Failure to this, the students may threaten to stop buying clothes from the distributor, who in turn will stop buying from the suppliers. In addition, students groups can influence other students to stop buying clothes from any business that is associated with the oppressive cloth manufacturers until the working conditions are improved.

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks

Authentication Mechanism for Fast Handover PMIPv6 Networks N.S.Nandhinee S.Kayalvizhi Abstract—The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed a host-based mobility management protocol, called Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) protocol for mobile nodes (MNs) to maintain continuous service when they move among different foreign networks. However, Mobile IPv6 does not provide good service for real-time applications because it causes longer disruptions when the handoff takes place. Recently, the IETF NETLMM working group developed a network-based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6. PMIPv6 still suffers from packet loss problem and signaling overhead. This paper performs a Bicasting scheme to reduce packet loss, use the piggyback technique to reduce the signaling overhead, also provides Authentication mechanism for protecting valid user from attacks in PMIPv6 networks. Keywords—Authentication, bicasting, handover, piggyback, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) 1. Introduction As wireless technologies have grown, all the people want to use wireless networks while moving from one place to another. At the same time Mobile MIPv6 was developed by the internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to support the Mobile Node. Even after introducing the Mobile IPv6 Mobile Nodes (MNs) did not receive any data packets when it performs the handover that involves , IP address configuration, movement detection and location update latencies. To reduce the handover latency, Fast Handover has been developed. Fast handover performs the movement detection and IP address whenever the Mobile Nodes move from one location to another. Therefore Fast handover protocol reduces the handover latency. However , MIPv6 cannot satisfy all the requirements of real time applications such as video streaming service and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) service due to its high handover latency. To address this problem, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) NETLMM working group developed a network based localized mobility management protocol called Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) to reduce the handoff latency of MIPv6.Moreover, PMIPv6 provides the IP with the mobility to support MNs without requiring its participation in any mobility-related signaling. Although PMIPv6 reduces lots of handoff latency compared with MIPv6, it still suffers from packet loss, signaling overhead and inefficient authentication procedure problems during handoff. This is because PMIPv6 does not use any buffer mechanism during the handoff procedure and performs the authentication and registration phases separately. Therefore this paper used a bicasting scheme for packet loss and piggybacking technique for signaling overhead. 2. Related works 2.1. survey on fast handover Chaung and Lee [2] proposed handoff schemes for PMIPv6 networks perform the authentication and registration phases separately, resulting in longer handoff latency. A. Pre-Handoff procedure The movements of an MN is detected using the MAG and it performs mobility-related signaling with the LMA in place of the MN. The pre-handoff phase starts only when the MN is going to leave the range of the serving MAG (i.e., MAG1). First, MAG1 sends a handoff initial (HI) message to the target MAG(i.e., MN-ID) and the address of the target MAG. Then , MAG2 sends back a handoff acknowledgement (HACK) message to MAG1, and then a bi-directional tunnel is built between MAG1 and MAG2. After the bi-directional tunnel is built , the buffer of MAG2 prepares to buffer. B. Fast Handoff procedure When the MN moves out of the transmission range of the MAG1, the MAG1 immediately starts sending the MN’S packets to MAG2 at the same time it buffers the packets to prevent from packet loss. After that MAG2 can start the authentication phase immediately. Now, MAG2 sends the AAA request which includes the profile of Mobile Node (i.e., MN-ID) to authenticate the MN and simultaneously sends the PBU message which piggybacks DeReg PBU message to refresh the binding cache entry of LMA. That is , the target MAG (i.e., MAG2) performs the registration phase on behalf of the Deregistration phase of previous MAG (i.e., MAG1).MAG1 stops the service and MAG2 takes the position of MAG2. Moreover, the authentication and registration phases are simultaneously performed so the executing time of these phases are overlapped. On receipt of the PBU message, the LMA sends a PBA message, which includes the HNP of the MN, deletes the old binding cache entry, establishes a new binding cache entry, and sets up a bi-directional tunnel between the LMA and new MAG (i.e., MAG2). Afterward through the new path the LMA transmits the packet to MAG2 and MAG2 buffers these packets for the MN. At the same time, the AAA server starts to authenticate. The MN sends the AAA response to MAG2. MAG2 also immediately sends an RA message to the MN when it detects the MN’s attachment. After receiving the RA message, the MN checks the RA message for finding where the MN locates in. The MN retains the original address if the MN moves in the same LMD. Otherwise, the MN configures the global IPv6 address on its interface from the HNP. Finally, the MN downloads the buffered packets from MAG2. Kim et al [4] The ERP exchange is not necessarily a full EAP method between the EAP peer and the EAP authenticator. It uses MSK sent from EAP server. In this paper, the EAP peer is the MN, the EAP authenticator is a Access Pointer (AP), EAP server is a AAA server and the LMA includes the AAA server. A. EAP authentication in PMIPv6 The MN sends the EAP-Request/Identity to previous AP (p-AP) and receives EAP Response/Identity from the EAP authentication. After the AP performs the EAP method exchange using AAA protocol, it performs the EAP method exchange with the MN. In the case of successful authentication, a MSK is sent by the AAA server to the AP. TSK is made using the MSK after when the MSK is received. TSK is shared with the MN and the TSK is used for per-packet access enforcement by the MN. B. Fast Handover scheme with ERP exchange in PMIPv6 In Proxy MIPv6, whenever the MN moves from its attachment AP to a new attachment AP within the Access Router, it delivers the MSK and performs the re-authentication process. However, the MN performs the Full EAP Method when the MN moves from one attachment MAG network to another new MAG network. In Fast Handover of PMIPv6, the MN performs the Full EAP Method. During Fast Handover period the full EAP method is delayed. The ERP Exchange scheme is used in Fast Handover of PMIPv6 to reduce the full EAP delay. In PMIPv6, Fast Handover schemes are under the propounded phase. Therefore we select the best Scheme of the Fast Handover schemes after the MN performs the Full EAP Method, MSK is received from EAP server and uses the MSK. When the movement of the MN is detected by p-AP, it sends a HO initiate message which includes the MN Identifier (MN ID), new-AP ID and the MSK to the p-MAG. The p-MAG sends a Fast PBU message to the LMA which also receives the HO initiate message. Note that the F ast PBU message includes the information of the HO initiate message. Once the LMA sends back the Fast PBA to the p-MAG it establishes a binding between the HNP which is assigned to the MN and its new PCoA. A Reverse PBU message is sent to the n-MAG by the LMA. The Reverse PBU message consists of the MN ID, HNP of the MN used in the p-MAG, n-AP ID, and the MSK sent from the EAP server. The RA message consists of the HNP, and the MSK which is sent by the n-MAG. MN does not perform a new EAP Method and AAA (EAP Method) scheme when it performs fast handover. Therefore the MSK used in the n-MAG network can also be used in the p-MAG network and the MN is not necessary to complete EAP Method and AAA (EAP Method) between the AAA server and AP. Ryu et al [6] PFMIPv6 to reduce the handover latency occurred in PMIPv6 . PFMIPv6 has two mode: one is the predictive mode and the other is the reactive mode. The solution for handover is described in the following steps : First: The MN reports the identifications of its own (MN ID) and the access point (New AP ID) to which the Mobile Node is most likely to move and also detects that a handover is immediate. The NMAG receives the HI from PMAG which is sent by it. The HI message must include the MN ID and should include the MN-HNP, the MN-ID and the address of the LMA that is currently serving the MN Second: A bi-directional tunnel is built between the PMAG and NMAG and the packets decided for the MN are forwarded from the PMAG to the NMAG over this tunnel. The packets may be buffered at the NMAG after the decapsulation process. If the connection between the N-AN and NMAG has already been established, then those packets may be forwarded towards the N-AN. Third: The MN establishes a connection (e.g., radio channel) with the N-AN, which in turn initiates the establishment of the connection between the N-AN and NMAG if it has not been established already. The NMAG starts to forward packets destined for the MN via the N-AN. The uplink packets from the MN are sent to the NMAG and the NMAG forwards them to the PMAG. The PMAG then sends the packets to the LMA that is currently serving the MN. Final: The NMAG sends the PBU message to the LMA, in which address is provided in HI message from the PMAG to NMAG. Ryu et al [5] Mobile IPv6 needs client functionality in the IPv6 stack of a mobile node (MN). Exchange of signaling messages between the MN and a home agent (HA) enables the creation and maintenance of binding between the MN’s home address and its care-of address. Mobility as specified in Mobile IPv6 requires the IP host to send IP mobility management signaling messages to the HA, which is located in the network. MIPv6 is a approach of host-based mobility to solve the IP mobility challenge. However, it takes a very long time to process handover and there is much packet loss during handover, since there are many signaling messages through wireless link which occurs longer delay during handover process. Network-based mobility is another approach to solve the IP mobility challenge. By extending Mobile IPv6 signaling messages and reusing the HA it is possible to support mobility for IPv6 nodes without host involvement. This approach to support mobility does not require the Mobile Node to be involved in the exchange of signaling messages between itself and the Home Agent (HA). A Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) does the mobility management on behalf of the MN attached to the network and also performs the signaling with the HA . This protocol is known as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) in Network-based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM) working group of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Since the proxy mobility agent on behalf of the Mobile Node performs handover process,PMIPv6 can reduce handover latency. That is, there are some signaling message via wireless link. Heavy packet loss occurs during handover in PMIPv6, although PMIPv6 reduces handover latency.This paper propose a Packet- Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6) with authentication to reduce the packet loss problem in PMIPv6. The similar kind of scheme was studied to reduce packet loss and handover latency in Mobile IPv6, such as fast handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6) . In PL-PMIPv6, a previous MAG (pMAG) register s to a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) on behalf of a new MAG (nMAG) during layer 2 handoff. Then, during handover after registration nMAG buffers. Compared to MIPv6 and PMIPv6, PL-MIPv6 can reduce more packet loss. To receive the MN’s profile securely we use Also, we use Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure to authenticate the MN and to receive MN’s profiles securely. We show the performance of PL-PMIPv6 through the comparison of packet loss during handover of MIPv6, PMIPv6 and PLPMIPv6. Authentication with Packet-Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6), to reduce packet loss in PMIPv6. The order of signaling flow in PMIPv6 is followed by PL-PMIPv6 and reduces packet loss. Once the pMAG is aware of the MN’s detachment, it sends the DeReg PBU message to the LMA in PMIPv6. When pMAG sends the DeReg PBU message, nMAG’s PBU message is included in DeReg PBU message in PL-PMIPv6. That is, the pMAG registers on behalf of the nMAG in advance to reduce handover latency. As a result, the tunnel between the nMAG and the LMA is built in advance. Also, the nMAG begins to buffer packets to the MN after it receives the PBA message. After layer 2 handoff, the MN sends the RS message and receives the RA message including the MN’s home network prefix. 3. APPLICATIONS 1) Selective IP Traffic Offload Support with Proxy Mobile IPv6 2) Network-based Mobility Management in a local domain (Single Access Technology Domain) 3) Inter-technology handoffs across access technology domains (Ex: LTE to WLAN, eHRPD to LTE, WiMAX to LTE) 4) Access Aggregation replacing L2TP, Static GRE, CAPWAP based architectures, for 3G/4G integration and mobility 4. ABBREVIATIONS 5. CONCLUSION Fast handovers are transferring of ongoing calls from one channel to another without interruption. Here , Fast Handover analysis reduces the latency in sending the packets from one node to another. In this paper techniques like piggybacking is used to reduce the signaling overhead , bicasting scheme reduces the packet loss by storing all the packets in a buffer and whenever the packet is lost ,the packets are retransmitted from the buffer. Previous papers used only ID for authentication process, this paper used a password authentication mechanism. The result analysis showed that these schemes provide a better solution than existing schemes. 6. REFERENCES Chowdhury K., Koodli R and Yokota H., (2010) ‘Fast Handovers for Proxy Mobile IPv6’, IETF Draft, draft-yokota-mipshop-pfmipv6-13 (work in progress). Chuang M.-C. and Lee J.-F., (2011) ‘FH-PMIPv6: A fast handoff scheme in proxy mobile IPv6 networks’, in Proc. IEEE CECNET, pp. 1297–1300. Chuang M.-C. and Lee J.-F, (2011) ‘A lightweight mutual authentication mechanism for network mobility in IEEE 802.16e wireless networks’, Comput. Netw., vol. 55, no. 16, pp. 3796–3809. Chung T.-M., Kim S.-D., and Lee J.-H., (2009) ‘Secure fast handover scheme of proxy mobile IPv6’, in Proc. IEEE Int. Joint Conf. INC IMS IDC NCM, pp. 555–558. Kim B., Kim G-Y, Mun Y. and Ryu s., (2008) ‘A scheme to reduce packet loss during PMIPv6 handover considering authentication’, in Proc. IEEE Int.Conf. Comput. Sci. Its Applicat., pp. 47-51. Kim M., Mun Y. and Ryu S., (2009) ‘Enhanced fast handovers for proxy mobile IPv6’ , in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Comput. Sci. Its Applicat. (ICCSA), pp.39-43. Zhang H. and Zhou H., (2008) ‘An authentication protocol for Proxy Mobile IPv6’ ,in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Mobile Ad-Hoc Sensor Network, pp. 129-136.

Economic Integration of the Baltic Sea Region and the Passenger Traffic Issues :: Europe Airlines Economics Economy Essays

Economic Integration of the Baltic Sea Region and the Passenger Traffic Issues Table of Contents: I. Introduction 2 II. Goals of Economic Integration 2 III. VASAB 2010 3 IV. Ãâ€"resund vs. Helsinki - Tallinn Link 4 V. Aviation Development in Scandinavia 7 VI. Conclusion 10 VII. Works Cited 11 I. Introduction Economic integration is not an easy task. This is clearly evident by its nature, and even more so a problem in the Baltic region where there have been so many political changes in recent history. We have seen the formation of three newly re-independent states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. East and West Germany have been reunited to form a new nation. The communist governments of the former Soviet Bloc have been replaced by democracy. These changes have made economic integration not only more difficult, but also to some degree more necessary.